Astronomers have detected complex organic molecules in a galaxy observed when the universe was less than 1.5 billion years ...

Protein complexes are the fundamental units of many biological functions. Despite their many advantages, one major adverse impact of protein complexes is accumulations of unassembled subunits that may ...

Substrate channeling is the transfer of a metabolic intermediate produced by one enzyme directly to the next enzyme without diffusion into the bulk phase of the reaction environment 1. This channeling ...

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a hormone that greatly influences growth in fetuses and children, but also body maintenance and metabolism in adults. IGF regulates cell proliferation, ...