James is a published author with multiple pop-history and science books to his name. He specializes in history, space, strange science, and anything out of the ordinary.View full profile James is a ...

Dive deep into the Kardashev Scale, an innovative framework that measures a civilization’s technological advancement based on its energy consumption. The scale ranges from Type 1 to Type 7 ...

For decades, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence has largely been predicated on a specific assumption: that advanced civilizations will inevitably grow, expanding their energy consumption and ...

(via Sabine Hossenfelder) Civilizations need energy to expand. You’ve probably heard of the Kardashev scale, which classifies civilizations based on their ability to generate and use energy (if you’re ...