Continuous Variable: can take on any value between two specified values. Obtained by measuring. Covariance: a measure of the direction of the linear relationship between two variables. Discrete ...

For any chance variable x = (x1,⋯,xN) having known distribution, the translation parameter estimation problem is to estimate an unknown constant h, having observed y = (x1 + h,⋯,xN + h). Extending the ...

This is the ninth in a series of lecture notes which, if tied together into a textbook, might be entitled “Practical Regression.” The purpose of the notes is to supplement the theoretical content of ...

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A random variable that can take only a certain specified set of individual possible values-for example, the positive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . For example, stock prices are discrete random variables, ...

We propose a latent variable model for mixed discrete and continuous outcomes. The model accommodates any mixture of outcomes from an exponential family and allows for arbitrary covariate effects, as ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

The benchmark tests show that the noise-free realization of QA can significantly outperform state-of-the-art classical algorithms. Quantum annealing (QA) is a cutting-edge algorithm that leverages the ...

The wave–particle duality of light has led to two different encodings for optical quantum information processing. Several approaches have emerged based either on particle-like discrete-variable states ...