Nearly 1 million Russian soldiers have been killed or injured in the country’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, according to a new study, a grisly measure of the human cost of Russian President’s Vladimir Putin’s unprovoked three-year assault on its neighbor.

Russia will likely surpass 1 million casualties in its war on Ukraine this summer, according to one of the world’s leading think tanks.

A Ukrainian military officer said Russian forces are preparing major advances lasting into next year as Moscow seeks to establish a buffer zone along the Ukraine-Russia border.